Owain Lawgoch :: European History

Owain Lawgoch Llywelyn Fawr (Llywelyn the Great) was the father of two ambitious sons, both of whom were destined to become intertwined in the 13th-century dynastic struggles between Wales and England. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was his father's natural son and the eldest, while Dafydd was the son of Llywelyn's wife Joan, herself the natural daughter of King John. Both sons were apparently determined to succeed their father and carry forward the country's struggle against their Norman would-be conquerors. At Llywelyn's death in 1240, contrary Welsh law and custom, Gwynedd passed to his legitimate son Dafydd, rather than being divided equally between Dafydd and his brother Gruffydd. It is thought that Llywelyn saw the practice of divided inheritance as a threat to the survival of Gwynedd, and he took extraordinary measures to ensure that Dafydd was recognized as his sole heir. As a consequence, Gruffydd spent much his life as a prisoner of his father, then his brother and later the English king, until his tragic death during an attempted escape from the Tower of London in 1244 (shown right). Despite Llywelyn's precautions, Dafydd's reign was tragically short and he died without heirs in 1246. Soon most of Wales was back under the control of the English king and his barons. Despite this tremendous setback, in less than 10 years Gruffydd's son Llywelyn, known to history as Llywelyn the Last, had managed to reclaim the dynasty of Gwynedd, gaining unprecedented recognition as "Prince of Wales" before his tragic downfall and death in 1282. With his death, and the death of his older brother Owain the same year, and his younger brother Dafydd the following year, the House of Gwynedd ended almost 500 years of rule over most of northern Wales. The princely line of Gwynedd had finally run out, extinguished forever by the ruthless King Edward I. Or had it? Little remembered is Llywelyn's youngest brother Rhodri ap Gruffydd. He apparently played no part in the dynastic struggles of the 13th century, and lived most of his life in relative obscurity and peace outside Wales, reportedly dying on his English manor c1315. Yet it was one of his descendants who was destined to make Gwynedd's final claim to the title "Prince of Wales." That person was Rhodri's grandson, Owain Lawgoch. Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri, known to history as Owain Lawgoch (Owain of the red hand) and to the French as Yvain de Galles, like his father, was born and grew up in England and had no direct associations with Wales.

Death on the Prairies: The Murderous Blizzard of 1888 Essay

On January 12, 1888, the weather in the west was mild, compared to previous weeks. Little did the people know that a massive cold front was in route and would be catastrophic to the people, their livestock, and the economy in the dekota and nebraska praries. The cold front would cause one of the worst blizzards for the region, killing close to 500 people. The factors that made the death toll so high involve the mild weather before the storm, the lack of technology for warning systems, and bad timing. On the day of January 12, farmers and children from all over the nebraska territory believed that that day was going to be warm and enjoyable compared to the previous days. From the early morning, farmers were up carrying out chores and duties that were post poned due to the weather. They were all very confident that the day would be a glorious day, wearing nothing but mere under clothing. Children rushed to schools that were miles away without jackets, gloves, or scarves. As famers were working miles away at distant farms and praries watering crops or tending to livestock, they would have little to no warning for what was to come that afternoon. Around mid day, the mild sky would so suddenly turn into.a nightmare, cathing all in the vast area extremely off guard. with the wicked winds and ice crystals rolling in, victoms had no time to react. If only those individuals had been fore warned, the death toll would be at a guarenteed low. During this time, technology was on a ris; however, it was very limited in certain areas. Meterology was one of the fields that due to technology and common interest, was not a major concern. The only method of long distance communication was via telegraph machines. They traveled through wires that ran along side railroag tracks. Most of the people that were affected from this storm were those living there to farm crops and raise livestock. They were usually located quite a far distance from towns that contained buildings receiving these transmissions. I believe that the lack of technology and concern for warning the people of the nebraska and dekota  territory is a major contributor the the high death toll that resulted from the school childrens storm. The biggest factor in the high death toll of the blizzard of 1888 has to be the horrible timing at which it occured. The time was mid afternoon, just when farmers are working the hardest, when school children are trickling out of their classrooms, far distances from their homes. It couldnt have been a worse time, especially for the children. Being sent home by their teachers, school children began walking the routes that they would walk everyday. That day the cold front was rushing through bringing ice and snow along with it. The children, wearing nothing but mere under clothing, had no way to keep warm from the ferocious cold. restricted from sight, they were quickly disoriented from their path to home or shelter. After noticing that they had been walking in circles or in opposiyte directions of their destinations, they began to seek out any for of stability, clinging to barbed wire fences, hay barrels, and anything else that provided some sense of security. However, the snow would only come faster and stronger, burrying alive most of the children. The farmer that were in the middle of their duties had been traveling for years. They too would experiece the same fate as their children on the way home from school. Caught in the middle of the blizzard with no jackets or gloves, eventually burried alive from snow and ice. The timing couldnt have been any worse for those caught in the blizzard in the vast dekota praries. The unfortunate disaster that struck those particular areas of the west will forever be remembered. Because of situations like the blizzard of 1888, peoples interests in meterology and concern for what is around the corner were suddenlt on the rise. Thanks to advancments in technology, we now have a better understanding of moter nature and can now know in advance the possibility of these disasters. The death toll on the day of January 12 was much greater than it shoouldve been; however, lack of warning and simply bad tining would contribute to one of the worst natural disasters of that time.

Social Psychology Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment

After the famous social psychology experiment, The Stanford Prison Experiment, many have asked whether or not this experiment can really portray how imprisonment can effect an individual. While some say that this experiment is a great representation of the effects caused due to imprisonment, others argue that the experiment was not realistic enough to say it had real effects. Social psychologists Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo, also the creators of the Stanford Prison Experiment, state that the experiment stimulated a realistic feel. Therefore, this experiment can be said to have a high external validity. In other words, this experiment’s results can be applied to the general population of imprisoned individuals (pg. 206). On the other hand, behavioral geneticist David Lykken exclaims that the artificial similarities that were added to stimulate the prison environment are not sufficient to understand the effects of being imprisoned. This is due to the short amount of time tha t the study was ran and the fact that many of the participants had a distinct psychological background than most criminals (pg. 207). The focus of this paper is to critique and present both sides of the argument. Craig Haney and Philip Zimbardo created a famous experiment called the Stanford Prison Experiment. In this experiment, healthy and normal college students were assigned to be either prisoners or guards. After only 6 days of this simulation, many of the mock-prisoners had to plead for theShow MoreRelatedThe Stanford Prison Experiment And Its Effects On Social Psychology1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment and its Effects on Social Psychology The Stanford Prison Experiment is one of the most notorious and unique experiments in modern social psychology history. A psychologist named Philip Zimbardo executed the Stanford Prison Experiment in 1971. 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This young psychology major could have never predicted that his landmark experiment would become such a highly talked about documentation of the true